Contributing to identity formation in ethnically and religiously diverse postcolonial societies, this book examines the role played by creole identity in Indonesia, and in particular its capital, Jakarta. While, on the one hand, it facilitates transethnic integration and promotes a specifically postcolonial sense of common nationhood due to its heterogeneous origins, creole groups of people are often perceived ambivalently in the wake of colonialism and its demise, on the other. In this book, Jacqueline Knörr analyzes the social, historical, and political contexts of creoleness both at the grassroots and the State level, showing how different sections of society engage with creole identity in order to promote collective identification transcending ethnic and religious boundaries, as well as for reasons of self-interest and ideological projects.

Jacqueline Knörr is Head of Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and Extraordinary Professor at the Martin Luther University in Halle/Saale, Germany. She was brought up in Ghana and Germany and conducted extensive field research in Indonesia, West Africa and Central Europe. She has worked as Senior Lecturer, Senior Researcher, University Professor, Scientific Director, Consultant and Political Advisor. Her research and publications focus on the political anthropology of postcolonial societies, decolonization, nationalism, identity politics, ethno-linguistics, gender, and childhood.

List of Maps and Figures
Acknowledgements

Introduction

Creole Identity and Postcolonial Diversity Ethnic versus Transethnic Identity National Identity in the Context of Ethnic and Transethnic References The City as Locus and Focus Categories of Identification and Social Discourses as Objects of Observation and Analysis Notes on Field Research

Chapter 1. Creole Identity in Postcolonial Context

Creole Terminology at the Conceptual Crossroads of History and Ideology Creolization and Creole Identity Beyond the Caribbean Towards a Comparative Concept of Creole Identity Indigenization and Ethnogenesis as Criteria of Creolization Creoleness versus (Post-)creole Continuum The CvP Model: Creolization versus Pidginization The Pidgin Potential of Creole Identity for Postcolonial Nation-building Creole Ambivalences

Chapter 2. Jakarta, Batavia, Betawi

Cityscape and City Dwellers Historical Beginnings: Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia Social Organization and Interethnic Relationships in Batavia Creolization and the Emergence of the Betawi Social Marginalization of the Betawi The (Re-)discovery of the Betawi: Objectives and Context of State Sponsorship

Chapter 3. Orang Betawi versus Orang Jakarta

Discourses, Definitions, Dichotomies Betawi (asli) versuspendatang Betawi versus Betawi Asli: Ethnic References with and without Asli Betawi as Jakarta Asli The Pidgin Potential of Betawi Culture and Identity Orang Jakarta as a Category of Urban Identification Creolization of Jakartan Identity? Tradition and Modernity in the Relationship between Orang Betawi and Orang Jakarta and a Miss and Mister Jakarta Pageant

Chapter 4. Suku bangsa Betawi: Integration and Differentiation of Ethnic Identity

The Inner and Outer circle of the Betawi Betawi Kota: the (Political) Spearhead of the Betawi Betawi Pinggir: the Guardians of True Islam Betawi Udik: the Guardians of True Tradition Betawi Kota, Pinggir and Udik: Integration through Differentiation and Diversification from Within The Arabic Dimension of Betawi-ness Tugu: Exotics of Enclave? Kampung Sawah: The (Christian) Betawi in the Paddy Field Bangsawan Betawi: About the Invention of a Betawi Aristocracy Batak Going Betawi, Or: What Is a Batak Betawi?

Chapter 5. Betawi versus Peranakan (Chinese)

Conceptual Disentanglement Cina Benteng: the First Peranakan Between Privilege and Expulsion: The Chinese in Batavia and Early Postcolonial Jakarta The Repression of the Chinese during the Suharto Era Recent Developments: Free the Dragon versus Be(com)ing Betawi The Betawis Appetite for Incorporation

Chapter 6. Orang Betawi versus Orang Indonesia: On the Connection between Ethnic Diversity and National Unity

Pancasila andBhinneka Tunggal Ika as Core Principles of National Identity The Betawi as a Representation ofBhinneka Tunggal Ika: On the Meaning of Diversity of Origin for Unity in Diversity National Meanings of Betawi Indigeneity Betawi-ization versus Javanization of the National Centre Betawi contraorang kompeni: Postcolonial Constructions of Anticolonial Heroism Orang Betawi and Orang Indonesia as Interconnected Categories of Identification

Chapter 7. Betawi Politics of Identity and Difference

Betawi Goes Politics: The First Betawi untuk Gubernur Campaign Indigeneity in the Production of Authenticity and Commitment Creole Identity in the Production of Commonalities Islam In and Out of Politics Jakarta between National and Local Representation Social Margins Going Ethno-politics Betawi as a Social Class and as Urban Identification

Conclusion: Towards an Open End

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