This book is a detailed high-quality descriptive grammar of the endangered Cavineña language (less than 1200 speakers), spoken in the Amazonian rainforest of Lowland Bolivia, an area where the indigenous languages are virtually unknown. Cavineña belongs to the Tacanan family, comprising five languages, none of which has been the subject of an adequate descriptive grammar. The grammar is based mostly on the extensive fieldwork conducted by the author in traditional Cavineña communities. Cast in the functional-typological framework, and based on natural discourse data, the grammar presents a detailed and copiously exemplified account of most aspects of the language, building up from basic levels (phonetic and phonological) to higher levels (morphological and syntactic), and from brief descriptions of each level to a more comprehensive description of the same level in specific chapters. The language contains a number of unusual features that will be of interest to typologist linguists, such as an unusual pitch accent system, a morpho-phonological rule that deletes case markers, an intricate predicate structure, a system of verbal suffixes coding associated motion, a specific causative of involvement marker, a peculiar prefix e- that attaches to nouns coding body parts and a complex system of second position clitic pronouns. The grammar will also be of interest to historical-comparative linguists, as for the first time one has sufficiently detailed grammatical information to make possible a reliable comparison with other languages with which Tacanan languages might be related, in particular the Panoan family, and to serve as input into hypotheses regarding the population history of this part of South America.

Hersteller:
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
De Gruyter GmbH
productsafety@degruyterbrill.com
Genthiner Strasse 13
DE 10785 Berlin

Antoine Guillaume, CNRS & Université Lumière Lyon 2, France.

ContentsList of platesList of tables xviiList of abbreviations xxSummary xxiiAcknowledgments xxivMaps xxvi1 The language and its speakers 11.1. Geographic location 11.2. Sociolinguistic situation 31.3. Physical environment, subsistance and culture 41.4. History 61.5. Genetic affiliation 81.6. Bibliographic review 91.7. Fieldwork 121.8. Corpus 151.9. Linguistic type 171.10. Writing systems 19Appendix to chapter 1 - List of example codes 202 Phonology 262.1. Consonants 262.1.1. Inventory 262.1.2. Phonetic realisations 272.1.3. Minimal pairs 302.2. Vowels 312.2.1. Inventory 312.2.2. Phonetic realisations 312.3. Foreign sounds 332.4. Syllable structure 342.5. Phonotactics 352.6. Justifying analytic choices 362.6.1. Complex consonants 362.6.2. Vowel sequences 382.6.3. Glides 392.7. Morpho-phonology 402.7.1. Palatalisation 412.7.2. Vowel deletion 412.7.3. Syllable deletion 412.7.4. Suffix deletion 422.7.5. Clitic deletion 432.7.6. Vowel addition 432.8. Accentual system 442.9. Intonation 452.9.1. Utterance-final contour 452.9.2. Emphatic contour 472.9.3. Intensifier contour 472.10. Previous writing systems 483 Grammatical vs. phonological word 513.1. Criteria for grammatical vs. phonological word 513.1.1. Grammatical word 513.1.2. Phonological word 533.2. Mismatch between grammatical and phonological words 543.2.1. One phonological word = two (or more) grammatical words 543.2.2. One grammatical word = two phonological words 563.3. Mono-syllabic grammatical words 573.4. When a phonological word only consists of clitics 594 Grammatical overview 614.1. Word classes 614.2. Predicate and verbs 624.2.1. Predicate structure 634.2.2. Verbs 664.3. Predicative adjectives 674.4. Noun phrase - nouns and NP modifiers 694.4.1. NP structure 694.4.2. Nouns 714.4.3. Attributive adjectives 734.4.4. Number markers 734.4.5. Quantifiers 744.5. Remaining word classes 754.5.1. Postpositions 754.5.2. Pronouns 764.5.3. Demonstratives 804.5.4. Content question words 814.5.5. Particles 824.5.6. Subordinate clause markers 864.5.7. Interjections 874.5.8. Onomatopoeia 894.6. Main clause structure 914.6.1. Basic clause structure 914.6.2. S, A and O grammatical functions 944.6.3. Copula clauses 964.6.4. Imperative and hortative clauses 1004.6.5. Interrogative clauses 1024.6.6. Negative clauses 1054.7. Dependent clauses 1084.8. Coordination 1104.8.1. Conjunction 1104.8.2. Disjunction 1145 Predicate structure - an overview 1175.1. Structure of the predicate 1185.1.1. Slots A/K: inflectional affixes 1195.1.2. Slot B: preverbal modifiers 1215.1.3. Slot C/G: valency-changing affixes 1215.1.4. Slot D: verb root 1225.1.5. Slot E: auxiliary 1235.1.6. Slot F: postural and directional suffixes 1245.1.7. Slot H: aktionsart suffixes 1255.1.8. Slot I: mode markers 1275.1.9. Slot J: postverbal modifiers 1275.2. Inflecting verbs 1285.2.1. Basic inflecting verbs 1285.2.2. Verbalisation of nouns 1315.2.3. Verbalisation of adjectives 1335.2.4. Verbalisation by reduplication 1405.2.5. Noun incorporation 1435.2.6. Formatives 1465.3. Non-inflecting verbs 1485.3.1. Basic non-inflecting verbs 1485.3.2. Borrowings 1495.3.3. Direct conversion 1515.3.4. Inherent reduplication 1545.3.5. Lexicalisation 1555.3.6. Transitivity 1555.4. Justifying the complex predicate analysis 1575.5. Reduplication 1606 Predicate structure - inflectional morphology 1626.1. TAM inflections 1636.1.1. -kware 'REM.PAST' and -chine 'REC.PAST' 1636.1.2. -buke 'REM.FUT' 1656.1.3. -ya 'IMPFV' 1676.1.4. -wa 'PERF' 1726.1.5. e-…-u 'POT' 1756.1.6. Verb with no inflectional marking 1766.2. Imperative, hortative and jussive inflections 1796.2.1. Imperative inflections 1796.2.2. Hortative inflections 1846.2.3. Jussive inflection 1866.2.4. Negating verbs with hortative and jussive inflections 1866.2.5. Non-command meanings 1876.2.6. Markedness and historical considerations 1887 Predicate structure - Aktionsart suffixes 1907.1. Aktionsart suffixes of aspect/manner 1917.1.1. -tere / -tirya 'COMP' vs. -bisha 'INCOMP' 1917.1.2. -jaka 'STOP' vs. -tibune 'START' 1947.1.3. -jeri/-neri 'ALMOST' 1967.1.4. -nuka 'REITR' 1987.1.5. -baka 'SHORT' vs. -siri 'LONG' 2007.1.6. -wisha 'FAST' 2027.1.7. -bare 'DISTR' 2037.1.8. -(ne)ni 'RANDOM' 2067.1.9. Last syllable reduplication + causative 2107.1.10. -aje/-be/-etibe 'INCR' 2137.2. Aktionsart suffixes of motion (S/A-oriented) 2177.2.1. System description 2187.2.2. Intended vs. incidental motion 2247.2.3. Foregrounded vs. backgrounded motion 2287.2.4. Corresponding verbs 2327.2.5. 'Leave' and 'arrive' 2337.2.6. S/A-orientation 2347.3. Aktionsart suffixes of motion (O-oriented) 2357.4. Aktionsart suffixes of time of day 2397.5. Aktionsart suffix of emotion 2437.6. Distribution 2487.7. Suffixes vs. compounded/serialised verbs? 2548 Predicate structure - valency-changing mechanisms 2578.1. Passive derivation 2588.2. Reflexive derivation 2708.2.1. Reflexive and reciprocal functions 2728.2.2. Benefactive reflexive 2748.2.3. Patientless reflexive 2778.2.4. Miscellaneous 2798.3. Antipassive derivations 2818.3.1. Full reduplication 2828.3.2. Exchanging auxiliaries 2868.4. Causative derivations 2908.4.1. Causativiser of intransitive verbs -sha 2918.4.2. Causativiser of transitive verbs -mere 2978.4.3. Causative of involvement -kere 3038.5. Distribution 3089 Predicate structure - postural and directional suffixes 3139.1. Postural suffixes 3139.1.1. -ani 'SIT' 3149.1.2. -neti/-nitya 'STAND' 3169.1.3. -jara 'LIE' 3189.1.4. -bade 'HANG' 3199.2. Directional suffixes 3209.2.1. -tsura 'GO UP' 3219.2.2. -bute/-butya 'GO DOWN' 3239.2.3. -sikwa 'GO AWAY' 3259.2.4. S/O-orientation 3279.3. Distribution 3279.4. Suffixes vs. compounded/serialised verbs? 32910 Predicate structure - auxiliary-taking processes 33010.1. Auxiliary-taking suffixes 33110.1.1. -kara/-karama 'DESID' 33110.1.2. -metse 'FIRST' 33410.1.3. -jakama 'CEASELESSLY' 33510.1.4. bawe 'ALWS' and baekwa 'ALWS.NEG' 33610.1.5. ki / aki 'TYPICAL' 34010.2. Auxiliary-taking preposed markers 34310.2.1. nere 'VIGOROUSLY' 34310.2.2. yume 'IMMEDIATELY' 34410.2.3. riya 'STARTLING' 34610.2.4. pana 'PROPERLY' 34610.2.5. Miscellaneous 34710.3. Auxiliary-taking discontinuous marker 34810.4. Auxiliary-taking postposed markers 35210.5. Auxiliary-taking Ø-marker 35310.6. Full reduplication 36010.7. Combination of two auxiliary-taking processes 36410.8. Combinations with other verbal categories 36411 Predicative adjectives 36911.1. Syntax 37011.1.1. Copula complement 37011.1.2. Modifier dyake 'very' 37211.1.3. Attributive function strategies 37211.1.4. Adverbial function 37311.1.5. Secondary predicate function 37711.2. Da-adjectives 38011.2.1. Dummy suffix -da/-u 'ASF' 38111.2.2. Reduplication 38311.2.3. Interrogative prefix eje- 'INT' 38511.2.4. Negative suffix dama 'NEG' 38711.2.5. Compounding 38911.2.6. Augmentative -si 'AUGM' 39311.2.7. Direct conversion 39611.3. Independent adjectives 40011.3.1. Adjectivisation of nouns by ki 'WITH' and ma 'WITHOUT' 40111.3.2. Adjectivisation of nouns by full reduplication 40511.3.3. Adjectivisation of verbs by -taki 'ABIL' 40611.3.4. Adjectivisation of verbs by e 'RES' and -ma 'RES.NEG' 41111.3.5. Miscellaneous 414Appendix 1 to Chapter 11 - list of da adjectives 416Appendix 2 to Chapter 11 - list of independent adjectives 41912 Noun phrase structure - an overview 42112.1. NP structure - overview 42112.2. Nouns - overview 42512.3. E-nouns 42512.3.1. Prefix formative e 'NPF' 42512.3.2. Irregularities 42912.3.3. Semantics 43212.4. Kinship nouns 43412.4.1. Semantics 43412.4.2. Possessor inflections 43512.4.3. Kinship nouns and genitive modifier (slot C) 43812.4.4. Kinship nouns and =kwana 'PL' 43912.4.5. Irregular kinship nouns 43912.5. Independent nouns 44012.5.1. Semantics 44112.5.2. Semantic overlaps with e nouns and kinship nouns 44212.5.3. Interrogative noun ai 'INT' 44412.5.4. Deictic nouns 44512.6. Grammar of inalienability 44712.7. Derivational morphology 44912.7.1. -puji 'ONE THAT' 45012.7.2. e-…-ki 'NMLS' 45212.7.3. e-…-kware 'NMLS' 45412.7.4. -kini 'PLACE' 45512.7.5. -chi 'AFFTN' 45612.7.6. Direct conversion 45712.7.7. Reduplication 46112.7.8. Formatives 464Appendix to chapter 12 - list of e-nouns 46713 Noun phrase structure - modifiers 46913.1. Noun juxtaposition (slot D) 46913.1.1. Syntax 47013.1.2. Semantics 47313.1.3. Lexicalisation 47813.1.4. Juxtaposition vs. compounding 47913.2. Attributive adjectives (slot F) 48013.2.1. Syntax 48113.2.2. Semantics 48213.2.3. Compounding? 49013.3. Number markers (slot G) 49213.3.1. Syntax 49213.3.2. Semantics 49813.4. Genitive modifier (slot C) 50113.4.1. Syntax 50113.4.2. Semantics 50413.4.3. Genitive modifier vs. juxtaposed noun 50613.5. Quantifiers (slot B) 50813.6. Relative clause modifier (slots A or H) 51513.6.1. Syntax 51613.6.2. RC preposed to the head 51913.6.3. Semantics 52514 Postpositions 52614.1. Morpho-syntactic introduction 52614.2. =tsewe 'ASSOC' 52914.2.1. Semantics 52914.2.2. Pro-forms 53214.3. =ja 'DAT' 53314.3.1. Semantics 53414.3.2. Pro-forms 53614.3.3. Dative vs. genitive 53714.4. =ju 'LOC' 53814.4.1. Semantics 53814.4.2. Pro-forms 54114.5. =keja 'LOC.GNL' 54414.5.1. Semantics 54414.5.2. Pro-forms 54614.5.3. Increment -amaka 54914.6. =eke 'PERL' 55014.6.1. Semantics 55114.6.2. Pro-forms 55514.6.3. Increment -amaka 55714.7. =tupu 'UP.TO' 55814.7.1. Semantics 55814.7.2. Pro-form 55914.8. Minor postpositions 56014.8.1. ji(/e)teke 'LOOKING FOR' 56114.8.2. Quantifer postpositions 56314.8.3. =kama 'ONLY' 56514.8.4. =taka 'ALONE' 56614.9. Postpositions with optional argument 56814.9.1. General overview 56814.9.2. 'On' vs. 'under' 57314.9.3. 'Inside' vs. 'outside' 57514.9.4. 'Behind', 'further behind' and 'following' 57614.9.5. 'At the corner of' 57814.9.6. 'At the side of' 57914.9.7. 'At the edge of' 57914.9.8. 'In the middle of' 58114.9.9. 'Close to' 58215 Pronouns and demonstratives 58415.1. Independent pronouns 58515.1.1. Syntax 58515.1.2. Morphology 58815.2. Bound pronouns 59315.2.1. Syntax 59415.2.2. Morphology 59615.2.3. Principles of bound pronoun ordering 60315.2.4. Ordering restrictions 60615.3. Bound pronouns vs. independent pronouns/NP 61115.3.1. A function 61115.3.2. S/O function 61615.3.3. DAT function 62215.4. Number 62315.5. 3PROX pronouns 62415.6. Ekatse '3DL' and ekana '3PL' 62715.7. Adverbial demonstratives 63115.7.1. Deictic function 63115.7.2. Case distinctions 63515.7.3. Anaphora 63615.8. Pointing demonstratives 63615.8.1. Deictic function 63615.8.2. Morpho-syntactic properties 63915.8.3. Additional functions 63915.8.4. Nominal demonstrative strategies 64215.8.5. Conjunction 64316 Particles - independent, first position and second position particles 64516.1. Independent particles 64516.1.1. Introduction 64516.1.2. datse 'FRUST' 64716.1.3. amena 'FILL' 64916.2. First position particles 65116.2.1. Introduction 65116.2.2. are 'QUEST' 65216.2.3. ita 'ATT.GETTER' 65316.2.4. deka 'POTENTIALLY' 65416.2.5. masa 'SEEMINGLY' 65516.2.6. jipakwana 'SEEMINGLY.NOT' 65616.2.7. jipake 'LUCKILY' 65716.3. Second position particles 65716.3.1. Introduction 65716.3.2. =ni 'MAYBE' 65816.3.3. =tukwe 'COUNT.EVID' 66016.3.4. =pa 'REP' 66216.3.5. =di(dya) 'STRG.EMPH' 66716.3.6. =jatsu 'EXACTLY' 66916.3.7. =taa 'EMPH' 67016.3.8. =bakwe 'CONTR' 67316.3.9. =shana 'PITY' 67516.3.10. Distribution 67617 Particles - phrasal particles 67917.1. Introduction 67917.2. =jari 'STILL' 68117.3. =nuka 'REITR' 68417.4. =dya 'FOC' 68617.5. =kwita 'RESTR' 68917.6. =kamadya 'ONLY' 69117.7. =tere 'ONLY' 69517.8. =piisi 'JUST' 69617.9. =dyane 'APPROX' 69717.10. =ama 'NEG' 69817.11. ni= 'NOT.EVEN' 70317.12. =piji 'DIM' 70417.13. =ebari 'INTENS' 70817.14. =jutidya/jutii 'DISEMPH' 71017.15. =jipenee 'ALMOST' 71317.16. =kwana 'UNCERT' 71417.17. Distribution 71718 Non-finite adverbial clauses 72018.1. Morpho-syntactic introduction 72018.1.1. Finiteness 72018.1.2. Subordination 72118.2. Same subject temporal clause 72318.2.1. Function 72318.2.2. Same subject co-reference 72718.3. General purpose clause 72818.3.1. Function 72918.3.2. Structure 73218.3.3. Headless general purpose clauses 73418.3.4. Nominalisation? 73618.4. Purpose of motion clause 73718.4.1. Function 73718.4.2. Auxiliaries and copula 74018.4.3. Miscellaneous 74118.5. Minor non-finite adverbial clauses 74218.5.1. Cause clause 74218.5.2. 'Just before' clause 74419 Finite adverbial clauses 74619.1. Morpho-syntactic introduction 74619.1.1. Finiteness 74619.1.2. Subordination 74819.2. Different-subject temporal clause 74919.2.1. Semantics 74919.2.2. 'Tail-head' linkage 75219.2.3. Switch-reference 75319.3. Reason clause 75419.3.1. Semantics 75419.3.2. Pro-forms 75719.4. Similarity clause 75719.4.1. Semantics 75719.4.2. Pro-forms 76119.5. Conditional clause 76119.6. Minor finite adverbial clauses 76419.6.1. =ademe 'THANKS TO' 76419.6.2. Concessive clauses 76619.6.3. Simultaneity clauses 76920 Relative clauses 77120.1. Structure of a relative clause (RC) 77120.1.1. Finiteness 77120.1.2. Copula RC 77320.2. Ligature marker =ke 77520.2.1. Ligature deletion rule 77520.2.2. Ligature and plural marker 77820.2.3. Ligature and 3rd person 'possessor' inflections 78020.3. Statement of common argument (CA) 78120.3.1. CA in MC not in RC 78120.3.2. CA in RC not in MC 78520.3.3. CA neither in MC nor in RC 78720.3.4. Ambiguity 78920.4. CA functions in MC and in RC 78920.5. RC functions 79120.5.1. Restrictive RC 79120.5.2. Non-restrictive RC 79120.5.3. 'Tail-head' linkage 79220.6. Grammaticalisation of RCs into adverbial clauses 79420.6.1. RC relating to core argument 79420.6.2. RC vs. DS-temporal clauses 796Texts 798Text 1 - When the Araonas became angry with each other 798Text 2 - The woman who was eaten up by giant mosquitoes 824References 827 Index Lexicon