Inhaltsangabe1 Evolution of Concepts of Mechanisms of Sleep.- A. Introduction.- B. Brief Historical Overview.- C. Early Neurophysiological Concepts of Sleep (From Passive to Active).- D. Neurohumoral Concepts of Sleep Regulation.- I. Progressive Development of an Old Idea.- II. Sleep Factor Regulation Viewed Physiologically.- E. Neurochemical - Neurophysiological Concepts of Sleep Regulation.- I. Classical Neurotransmitters.- II. Neurotransmitters and Single-Unit Studies.- F. Final Considerations.- G. Summary.- References.- 2 Principles of Sleep Regulation: Implications for the Effect of Hypnotics on Sleep.- A. Basic Processes.- B. Sleep Homeostasis.- I. EEG Slow Waves as Indicators of "Sleep Pressure".- 1. Global Changes During Baseline Sleep Episodes.- 2. Effect of Sleep Deprivation.- II. Ultradian Dynamics of Slow-Wave Activity and Spindle Activity.- 1. Baseline Sleep and Recovery Sleep After Sleep Deprivation.- 2. Neurophysiological Basis of Slow Waves and Sleep Spindles.- III. Homeostasis of REM Sleep and Interactions with Non-REM Sleep.- C. Effect of Hypnotics on Sleep and the Sleep EEG.- I. Benzodiazepine Hypnotics Alter the Sleep EEG.- II. Benzodiazepine-Receptor Agonists Have Similar Effects on the Sleep EEG.- III. Do Hypnotics Disrupt Sleep Homeostasis?.- IV. Effect of Benzodiazepine Hypnotics on Circadian Rhythms.- D. Concluding Remarks: Pitfalls in Pharmacological Sleep Studies.- E. Summary.- References.- 3 Principles of Chronopharmacology and the Sleep-Wake Rhythm.- A. Introduction.- B. Properties of Biological Rhythms.- C. Biological Rhythms as Adaptive Phenomena to Predictable Changes in Environmental Factors.- D. Temporal Distribution and Dosing Time of Therapies.- E. Concepts in Chronopharmacology.- I. Chronopharmacokinetics (or Chronokinetics) of a Drug.- II. Biomechanisms Presumably Involved in Chronokinetic Changes.- III. Chronesthesy of a Biosystem.- IV. Chronergy of a Chemical Agent.- V. Chronotherapy.- F. Drug Effects on Sleep, Anesthesia and Related Processes.- I. Anesthetics.- II. Ethanol.- III. Drug-Induced Drowsiness.- G. Shift Workers, Jet Lag and Sleeping Pills.- I. Shift Workers and Sleeping Pills.- II. Jet Lag, Sleeping Pills, Melatonin and Bright Light.- H. Summary.- References.- 4 Pharmacology of the Catecholaminergic System.- A. Introduction.- B. Amine-Depleting and Synthesis-Inhibiting Substances.- I. Catecholaminergic-Depleting Substances: Reserpine.- II. Dopamine-ß-hydroxylase Inhibitors.- III. Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor.- IV. Norepinephrine Uptake Blockers.- V. In Conclusion.- C. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists.- I. ?1-Antagonists (Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin).- II. ?1-Agonist.- III. ?2-Antagonists (Phentolamine, Yohimbine).- IV. ?2-Agonist.- V. ?-Adrenergic Antagonists.- VI. ?-Adrenergic Agonists.- VII. In Conclusion.- D. Dopamine Agonists and Antagonists.- I. Dopamine2-Agonists.- II. Dopamine2-Antagonists.- III. Dopamine1-Antagonists.- IV. In Conclusion.- E. Differential Regulation of Waking and PS by Catecholamines.- F. Summary.- References.- 5 The Serotoninergic System and Sleep-Wakefulness Regulation.- A. The Serotoninergic System.- I. Serotoninergic Nuclei and Pathways.- II. Serotoninergic Metabolism and Neurotransmission.- 1. Synthesis of Serotonin.- 2. Release and Inactivation of Serotonin.- 3. Impairment of the Synthesis, Release and Catabolism of Serotonin.- III. Serotoninergic Receptors.- 1. 5-HT1A Receptors.- 2. 5-HT2 Receptors.- 3. 5-HT3 Receptors.- 4. 5-HT4 Receptors.- IV. Conclusion.- B. Serotonin and Sleep.- I. Spontaneous Activity of the Serotoninergic System During Sleep and Wakefulness.- II. Pharmacological Impairment of Serotoninergic Neurotransmission.- 1. Enhancement of Serotonin Levels in the Brain.- 2. Decrease in Serotonin Levels in the Brain.- III. Pharmacological Impairment of Receptor Function.- 1. 5-HT1A Receptors.- 2. 5-HT1B and 5-HTlC Receptors.- 3. 5-HT2 Receptors.- 4. 5-HT3 Receptors.- 5. Interaction Between the Various Serotoninergic Receptor Types.- IV. How Is

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