Autorinnen und Autoren aus Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Polen und Serbien diskutieren in diesem Buch das Lebenswerk eines der wichtigsten Künstler in Europa, Jochen Gerz: Seine Arbeiten im öffentlichen Raum kreisen um die Entstehung individueller und kollektiver Erinnerung, die Vergangenheit und Zukunft Europas. Durch ihre partizipative Methode bringen sie das demokratische Potenzial von Kunst in besonderer Weise zur Wirkung. Oft lädt Gerz mit seinen Kunstwerken Menschen ganz unabhängig von Nationalität, Sprache, Klasse oder Religion zur Teilnahme ein. Daher im Titel die »Multitude«, die hier im ursprünglich vorpolitischen Sinn als die »gemischte Multitude« der hebräischen Bibel gebraucht wird.

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Jonathan P. Vickery forscht seit vielen Jahren zu Kunst, Stadtentwicklung und Kulturpolitik. Sein besonderes Interesse gilt den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen kultureller Entwicklung. Er lehrt am Centre for Cultural Policy Studies der Universität Warwick in Großbritannien und leitet dort das Masterprogramm Arts, Enterprise and Development. Mechtild Manus war für das Goethe-Institut in Lissabon, Alexandria, Jakarta, Montreal und Dublin tätig. Sie kuratierte partizipative Kunstprojekte in Indonesien, Kanada und Irland. Im November 2014 führte sie in Dublin am Irischen Museum für Moderne Kunst das erste internationale Symposium zu Jochen Gerz durch. Seit 2015 betreut sie den Schwerpunkt Kulturen der Partizipation in der Zentrale des Goethe-Instituts in München.

Introduction Mechtild Manus and Jonathan P. Vickery Jochen Gerz is widely recognized today as one of the principal artists of the public realm in Europe. In this volume, ten authors of very different backgrounds explore the power of participation for the formation of public memory, examine conflicts at the intersection of art, politics, and civic life, and extend our understanding of Jochen Gerz's work to encompass questions on European identity, history, and unity. This volume was initially inspired by a symposium on Jochen Gerz' work that took place in Dublin in the autumn of 2014. The symposium generated an intense debate on participation, commemoration, and public space, and was acutely relevant to issues facing the Republic of Ireland at the time and continue to face Europe. What do we commemorate, and how? What role does democracy play in memory-making? How does the public participate in official decision-making on commemoration and memorialization in public space? In this volume we have used the term multitude in the title of the book-a biblical term meaning the many, the undefined, a heterogeneous mixed society-and we use it as a conceptual marker for the public, which for Jochen Gerz is subject, partner, participant, collaborator, contributor, artistic material, and always a contested term. Mobilized by the process of collaborative production that Jochen Gerz offers with his artworks, new forms of agency and identity emerge (Kester 2011), if always outside any preconceived template on what constitutes a politically acceptable or representative public. The term multitude, therefore, serves to evoke a more plural and experiential means of defining collective agency within social life (Virno 2004). We do not use it in the prevailing meaning, defined by Antonio Negri as the masses, the working class, the community, or the revolutionary elite: only in one sense can we agree with Negri when he claims that "each subjectivityrealizes itself in its singularity, through the acting of the multitude." (Negri 2001, 97) The participants, collaborators and observers in Gerz's projects are characterized by social diversity (but where social diversity is never one unproblematic category that achieves a guaranteed democratic legitimacy). The graffiti of the Monument Against Fascism (Mahnmal gegen Faschismus, 1986) in Hamburg-Harburg (Germany) showed the antifascist next to the Neo-Nazi; the inscriptions of The Public Bench (1999-2004) in Coventry (UK) brought together citizens that would otherwise never speak to each other; random passers-by in the pedestrian zone in Bochum (Germany) subscribed to the Square of the European Promise (Platz des europäischen Versprechens, 2004-2015); the 78 participants of 2-3 Streets: An Exhibition in Cities of the Ruhr Area (2-3 Straßen. Eine Ausstellung in Städten des Ruhrgebiets, 2008-2010) consisted of young men and women searching for meaning of life, along with a rebellious curator, a philo-muslim critic of Islam and all kinds of other people, regardless of nationality, religion, political affiliation or class. Jochen Gerz is facilitator and orchestrator who co-joins them in ways that demand that each subject confronts her own social agency, as well as ingrained patterns of thought and prejudices (Rebentisch 2014, 71). All the essays in this volume are concerned with the art of Jochen Gerz, but necessarily extend to examples of related works by artists in other European countries, and as contemporary art is now a global economy of meaning, beyond Europe. The volume is divided into three sections, where the section on participation is deliberately framed between memory and public space. Participation is thus central but not as a political principle of mobilization in support of pre-packaged or partisan choices. Participation in this volume features as a collective commitment to facing and determining questions, learning how to generate public dialogue, and taking responsibility for the conditions governing our collective social experience. The art of Jochen Gerz and others discussed in this volume foster empathy, where empathy is a social practice and where the experience of art establishes an inter-subjective, social moment that can open the participants to specific ethical and political questions (Rebentisch 2014, 57). However, this social moment is less an ultimate goal being striven for, than an intrinsic factor of art's aesthetic operations (ibid., 72). And it is a reflexive moment that keeps this kind of art from embedding itself in everyday rationalization, with its pattern of consumption, or indeed perpetuating forms of spectacle; rather aesthetic experience opens up an ethical-political potential (ibid., 71). The tendency to combine moments of the past with the socio-political situation of the present characterizes many kinds of contemporary and performing arts. Some works of re-enactments (Milo Rau, Jeremy Deller) as well as participating works by Jochen Gerz in Hamburg-Harburg, Biron, Cahors, Saarbrücken, Coventry and Bochum, project through confrontation "those aspects of past events that have not yet been compensated, understood or dealt with" into the present (Rebentisch 2014, 200). And with his latest work, the Square of the European Promise, inaugurated on December 11, 2015, Jochen Gerz directs the act of commemoration through the promises of 14,726 members of an international multitude towards the unknown future of Europe. It is impossible to discuss or interpret Jochen Gerz's work without at the same time responding to major issues on democracy and culture: the right to speak and be heard, and the role of social experience in the public sphere. Yet even though many of his works are, in effect, created by participants, this cannot be described as some kind of democratic art production. The asymmetry between artist and public is not abolished. All actions by the participants are still happening within the framework provided by the artist (Rebentisch 2014, 36). Rather, the democratic power of the artworks lies in the conflicts that the participants address through their contribution, and in the conflicts among themselves, and with the artist that might evolve in the process. In this way Jochen Gerz avoids the pitfalls where the participative work becomes a caricature of democracy (Diederichsen 2008, 275) or a new means to increase economic efficiency (Miessen 2010). Participation is therefore not simply the subject of this volume, nor itself a discrete object of theoretical speculation. It is an emergent characteristic of aesthetic, performative ways of creating the conditions for a democratic European public culture. And memory-historical narrative, responses to past events or personages, the landscape of monuments and memorials, archive and document, the civic rituals of commemoration and remembrance-is internal to participation. In other words, the contributors to the book take an interdisciplinary approach to this complex of concepts and do not separate them out as objects of an academic specialism. There is one tangible practice that brings together our theme of participation with sub-themes of public space, memory and contemporary Europe-that is the contemporary monument form, sometimes referred to as the "new monument" (Sommer, 2007) or "countermonument" (Gegendenkmal), of which the works of Jochen Gerz have become seminal if not iconic (Monument Against Fascism, 1986, for example). While the content of this volume will extend far beyond countermonument as a subject, Gerz's approach to countermonument (translated as "Antimonument") is a focal point as it is animated by ethical, political and aesthetic interests that inform his non-memorial work as well as the work of other artists in Europe today. All of his works (and this volume refers to many, including text-based works or the innovative urban project 2-3 Streets: An Exhibition in Cities of the Ruhr Area for the Euro...

Contents Introduction.7 Mechtild Manus and Jonathan P. Vickery I. On Memory: Artists, Writing and Narratives, History and Testimony The Artist as Facilitator of Civic Memory: Coventry's The Future Monument and The Public Bench.21 Jonathan P. Vickery The Tiny Presence of Words.39 Philippe Mesnard Countermonument in Europe: The Spatial Politics of Artistic Memory-Work.57 Zuzanna Dziuban II. On Participation: Social Creativity, Culture and Democracy, Citizenship and Its Alternatives As Art Disappears into Society.83 Hermann Pfütze Public Authorship as a Multitude of Voices.103 Marion Hohlfeldt Dissonant Memories and Subversive Memorialization Practices.117 Milena Dragi?evi? Šeši? III. On Public Space: Cities, Architecture, and Politics Taking People as They Are and Europe as It Might Be: The Controversy over the Square of the European Promise.137 Volker M. Heins Civic Remembrance and the Politics of Place.153 Malcolm Miles Absorbing Disturbances: The Heterotopia as a Model for Monumental Space.173 Niklas Maak About the Authors.189 Acknowledgements .191 Copyright and Photography Credits.193 Index Works by Jochen Gerz.196 Index Names and Terms.197