In this autobiographical reflection, the distinguished anthropologist Philippe Descola looks back on his intellectual career and examines both the central themes of his work and the key questions that have shaped anthropological debates over the last forty years. A student of Lévi-Strauss, Descola did ethnographic research among the Achuar of the upper Amazon in the late 1970s, focussing on how native societies relate to their environment. In this book he sheds fresh light on the evolution of his thinking from structuralism to an anthropology beyond the human, on the critique of the modern separation between nature and society, and above all on the genesis and scope of his master work Beyond Nature and Culture. This synthesis of the ways in which humans view their relationships with other-than-humans proposes four major 'compositions of worlds' (animism, naturalism, totemism, analogism) that characterise our ways of inhabiting the earth. Presented in the form of an extended conversation with Pierre Charbonnier, this book is both a lucid introduction to the work of one of the most original anthropologists writing today and an impassioned plea for a pluralism of ontologies that would be more welcoming to the diversity of beings.

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Philippe Descola is Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the Collège de France and Director of Studies at EHESS, Paris.